Film paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film paper - Movie Review ExampleThe modern audience qualification be amused of how Godard suddenly breaks the 4th wall this way. They can perceive the breaking as a form of interpersonal connection, a way to get into the mind of the audience to make them think near look atmaking too, not just the film. A 1959 audience qualification be a bit shocked, as if their spectatorship has been violated. They talent also seem confused of what Michel means. The influence of the technique up to now may not score the same power as before because it might seem too contrived, depending on how it is executed. Or it might just seem like an overused technique for some of the modern audience who have seen it many times. through with(p) before or within the context of avant garde films, breaking the 4th wall can attain the come to of changing how people see the film and the social context of the film. It can highlight the insight that film is about making impressions and images, a contrived way of affecting the audience through the right placing and confederacy of film elements.2. One of the scenes that features several jump cuts is the transition amongst the long bedroom scene between Patrician and Michel and their kiss. Before the jump cut, Patricia starts a game where she will stop staring at Michel once he stops staring at her. after he does his usual rubbing of his lips mannerism, Patricia is in school focus and she rolls the poster to look at Michel through its hole. The poster serves as a double frame. She looks into him and the television camera zooms, as if she is going deeper into his personality, trying to figure out why she is attracted to him. Michel keeps on staring at her, in this case, he also stares at the audience, and the shot zooms to a close up, making his necklace and cigarette appear imminent and closer. The impact is that the audience sees only the physical and the material of his identity. He hides himself inside his carefree attitude to life. After that is the jump cut which is disorienting. All of a sudden,

Edite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edite - Essay Examplece increase is in keeping with the rising costs of printing, along with the expenses related to paying textbook writers, in writing(p) designers and fact-checkers. But students, parents and even colleges and professors say that those are all just excuses being made by whacking publishing houses who want to gouge us, as one student put it (Bruno 6D). They want lower priced books or at least more affordable options and fewer instances of books being revised and republished each two to terce years. The federal government has even involved itself in the issue by passing a modern law that forces publishers to tell professors how much required texts will cost their students, and colleges must inform students during class registration what books they will need to purchase for each course.The best and most fair solution for everyone when it comes to textbook set is to move away from physical printed and bound books to electronic and downloadable texts. Publishers fool every right to make money, still students should have the ability to save themselves money wherever possible while working towards their diplomas.Students today cash in ones chips a lot of time and effort when it comes to buying textbooks. Once their class booklists are in hand, the students have a few options as to where to buy their books. Theres the school bookstore, which will usually take hold new and utilise copies of required books, and will buy back some books from previous purchases. Students may withal look for their books online, at sites like Amazon.com or eFollet.com, which often offer a larger selection of used copies than the campus bookstore and often at a lower price (Bernard B5).Yet there are a lot of roadblocks when it comes to finding a cheaper, used copy of a textbook. According to a national slew conducted by the Public Interest Research Groups (PIRG) of required college texts, the books are revised and issued as new editions every three to four ye ars regardless of changes to subject

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Management - Assignment Example strategical partnerships with other business organizations have been a key factor which has helped the company in its global enlargement and dominance.In general four blocks of competitive advantage has been identified that provides an organization to outcompete its rivals. These are efficiency, customer responsiveness, whole step and innovation. These factors help a firm to achieve either lower cost or higher crossway differentiation which in bout provides competitive advantage. In case of Federal Express for the company to economise its profitability above average it is integral that it continues to develop its logistics more robustly (Gendron, 2012). The development of logistics services began from the completion of 80s and all the major competitors began to provide logistics services to assist the business customers in activities the likes of assembly operation, warehousing and distribution. This shtup help the organization to devel op its customer responsiveness and contribute in the long term-profitability. Better logistics management can help the customers to meet their customized requirements into a standardized physical network. both direct advantages can be derived from this firstly, the reduction of cost and secondly higher cost capacity utilization. The customers can achieve higher level of satisfaction from the better security arising from this. Therefore, it seems plausible that higher investment in the BLS Division of the company which takes care of the logistics division is likely to bring more customers for the company which in turn will help in achieving higher revenues. This strategy is better than the price cutting strategy as such behavior often induces similar responses from the competitors which may fail to provide benefits in the long-run. Also UPS peerless of the biggest rivals of Federal Express had focused heavily on improving its logistics services in order to deem its competitive adv antage throughout 2000s. This is perhaps one of the

Questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

dubietys to answer - Essay ExampleIn determinism, deliberation is necessary as there is uncertainty involved, and the choice made is the one with the most advantageous outcome. In determinism, one stack get to deal his motives or prevent the motives from acting on his will. In Determinism, humanes are never masters of their own will and motives, and thus they never act freely because ones will gets move by causes independent to them. Ideas associate independently of us, and they get arranged in the brain without ones knowledge. Ones memory depends on his organization, and its faithfulness depends on the momentary or habitual state we find ourselves (Tully 175). Peoples counselings of thinking get decided necessarily by their ways of being. Determinism shows that the actions of human beings are never free as they are unremarkably the consequences of their temperament, received ideas and nonions of happiness. Others also get determined by educational example and daily experien ce. According to freedom, the proximo holds ones possibility with the best outcome. In freedom, one contains in himself causes inherent to his existence. Furthermore, he gets moved by an internal organ that has its own laws and is necessarily determined by ideas, perceptions and sensations received from external objects. We do not know the mechanism of these sensations and perceptions, or the way ideas get printed in the brain because we cannot discern all(a) these movements (Tully284). We cannot also perceive the operations in the soul or principles that act in us. Freedom enables passel to be free because they imagine that the soul can willfully call to mind ideas that sometimes cause to curb passionate desires. According to freedom, there are possible alternative futures and things could have happened differently from the way they did. Freedom entails acting without external constraint. This is dangerous as it involves acting without any intelligence. Determinism ensures human s are cagy and organized in nature as Freedom suggests one being in total agree of his motives. One has various opportunities and the ability to choose on one without necessarily deliberating on it. Determinism involves making a choice without considering the consequences of the actions (Tully194). Freedom entails controlling peoples will and having motives working on their will. This makes determinism to become the preferred account of human agency as it will lead to shame, regret, and remorse when we undertake decisions without rationalizing on them. Determinism is also correct because it ensures responsibility and efficiency as one chooses an alternative with the most advantageous outcome. William James proposed a two- show model. In his ruling of free will, In determinism was the cause of what he referred to as alternative possibilities and ambiguous futures. According to him chance was not the direct cause of actions and he made it clear that it was his choice that granted him consent to do an action. In his Oxford Street and Divinity Avenue thought experiment he intended to explain the two stage decision process. He said both ways could lead him home but he had to choose one as it was ambiguous and matter of chance. By pluralism, he means it is a position which has some(prenominal) principles which are independent and cannot be unified. Monism on the other hand, is where there is only one ultimate principle. Question 3 Locke says that

New Economy and the Service Sector Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Economy and the armed service Sector - Term Paper casefulThe present paper has identified that countries that fundamentally rely on the service-based thrift fall in advanced economies than those whose economy is not service-based. Nevertheless, the young economy has had an enormous effect on the service arena. In effect, while considering the refreshing economy, this expose is an investigation of the changing scenario in the service sector. In addition, the expose will elucidate on the cardinal principles of service quality. Furthermore, there will be an analysis on how the management of quality dismiss create a much better service offering in organization. New Economy and the Service Sector According to Henwood, the New Economy has its origin between 1996 and 2003. In this regard, Henwood that the finance sector conduct politicians, businesspersons, economists, journalists, and people to believe that there was an economic change resulting from positive benefits experien ced in an extended period. In this case, the developments included advancements in technological development, a more focus on work, and enormous global expansions of corporate. In addition, these developments would also include the productivity impact of the technological advancements with an added effect on quality of life (Henwood). globalisation of business and the revolution of the information technology field are the major swashs of the New Economy (Shepard). In this regard, the New Economy marked the introduction of free trade, market forces, and widespread deregulation in virtually countries of the world. These countries included former communist countries that disregarded free markets and market forces in their economies. In addition, globalization has light-emitting diode to economic unions growing and becoming more powerful as evidenced by the European federation (EU) and North Americas free-trade agreement (Shepard). Nevertheless, the advancements in information techn ology have led to this revolution. Advancements in technology have become part of our daily lives. From the internet to the faxing machine, cellular phones to computers, these tools have become more than a compulsion in human beings life. In this regard, this has led to the digital era in which opening and creation of vernal industries has become the norm. In this regard, the New Economy emphasizes the need for integrating information technology in businesses in the service sector. As a result, rapid technological changes enhance the capability of businesses in the service sector to get rid of layers of management (Shepard). Consequently, using this technology in the service industries enhances restructuring of industries in the service sector. In effect, this restructuring is crucial to bring efficiency to the service sector due to integration of information technology, which is a feature of the New Economy. Hartley noted that workers in the New Economy engaged in knowledge-inten sive work and use new information and communication technology to connect to customers and clients around the globe (qt. in Pupo and Thomas). In effect, this has ensured that the workplace in the service sector has become more flexible. Consequently, flexibility is crucial towards the creation of an enabling environment for enhancing efficacy building for more productivity and elimination of hierarchy in the service sector that defined the reinforcement on labor.

Olympic Promoters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Olympic Promoters - Essay ExampleThe promoters kick in now become whiz of the most aspects of any brand event, product or service. It is actually the promoters positioning strategies which contribute to the success or the failure of it. The following pages will examine a lot more of the same segment. Promoters, Olympic Games, Sponsorship patterns and a lot are discussed to be able to answer our basic investigation question CAN TODAYS OLYMPICS PROMOTERS hire THE ONE-BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE CONSUMER INTERESTThe element of Sponsorship has been explained by lots, but for the most part the con nonation end be driven from Meenaghan (1983). A sponsor plays a role in of an investor, investing through cash or else kind to some kind of spare time activity, any sport or else liberal arts linked. Moreover, the sponsored event is not a facet of the key saleable task of the sponsor or else it becomes advertising, comparatively than sponsorship plus the sponsor assumes a revis it with reference to promotion.Busby (1997) viewed sponsorship as a trade standoff amid the source of the means, wealth or services with a person, affair or else business. The source is given privileges and confederacy with the character or incident in turn for the money, wares differently services that have been offered. With reference to the spate of the international outlay on sponsorship, most of the sponsoring agencies have displayed an enhancement in their expenses of an approximate16 percent in the year 1996, plus a 10 percent boost in 1997 (Busby, 1997).The causes for the increase in sponsorship during the earlier periods have been mainly owed to the legislative and profitable matters. A lot of countries have limited the publicity of specific goods considered as publicly unwanted, like alcohol, plus sponsorship has also turned into an unusual way of support. Additionaly , the fund cuts for the arts otherwise the sporting events have enforced these trades to look for via ble support hold up in sum to sponsorship turning into a vital standard trait of the sporting occasion , particularly the Olympic Games, which would not be potential with no sponsorship. The additional issues cheering sponsorships consist of tax settlements that have been instituted during the years permitting corporations to throw conclusions for sponsorship reserves (Wolton, 1988) augmented spare time guiding the way towards further happenings that the modes are willing to wrap plus corporations appreciating that the sponsorship of these proceedings is an efficient means to get in touch with the clients during their spare time (Meenaghan, 1991).1.2 The cogency of SponsorshipsSponsorship desires to be included with further matters of advertising communications plus advertising strategy. The researches that have been carried out during the past, clue towards the fact that major basis corporations grow to be implicated in sponsorship is to expand media reporting for the sponsors corporation, artefact or else a meticulous brand. Sponsorship is now and then baffled with publicity however, as

Should students use citation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should pupils use source - Research Paper ExampleIn learning institutions, students should be encouraged to come up with their pieces of work. For the valet de chambre to progress there is a need for more innovations and creative ideas. Through plagiarism, students will not progress to their potential. From my own understanding of plagiarism, I consider it as an offense since a student who is involved in plagiarism does not understand the dangers. Further still, I believe that a student with the act of write opposite peoples ideas does not allow the learning process to take place. As such, the vary of knowledge is limited since whatever they present for assessment is not their work. It thus becomes hard for the examiner to drill hole the students capability. In view of this, the essay critically discusses the statement should students be punished when they raise through analyzing the opposing and supporting side.With the development of technology, copy and pasting an authors work has been made prosperous for students. Some of the students end up copy pasting even an entire work of authorship even without prominent credit to the authors. To curb plagiarism, students should be made to understand that, they attend colleges and universities so that they make the world a better place. Coming up with your work as a student, encourages creativity and innovation. Students must identify the gaps that outlive in the academic field and come up with ways of filling them. Through plagiarism, a student concludes that they cannot come up with their ideas to increase knowledge in the academic field. In learning institutions, students are expect to give original work to their teachers or lecturers. There is a need for integrity, and most of the learning institutions further academic honesty (Roig, 2010).Apart from Copy and pasting, there are other pulps of plagiarism. There are other forms of plagiarism which most of the times they are overlooked. Submitting an as signment that one has not done is a form of plagiarism. The

Role of the Photography in Advertising Coursework

Role of the Photography in Advertising - Coursework ExampleIn the formal education setting, the human brain is trained to pick by the words they are reading in order to analyze texts. This crop, though, does not hold true for their perceptual experience of photos and images. Through societal standards, we have grown used to accepting photos as truth without applying the analytical process used to comprehend texts. The human awareness of truth in photos has played a major cancel in the modern day trend of photo manipulations. In this progressively digital era, photos can be manipulated to portray an illusion of whatever the manipulator wants the photo to be. This can be especially predominant in print marketing, where the chief objective is to sway the yearnings or needs of a consumer using photos (Barry 1997, p. 23 Walden 2006, p. 18).In the technology savvy environment where most of our communication is done using imagery, it is challenging to comprehend of a medium more powerfu l than photos. With the establishment of photography within modern culture, the medium sits together with different forms of imagery, from which it has been created and which it has helped to create, standing as a purely denotative form (Stafford & Faber 2005, p. 57).Photography shares a comparable heathen space with advertising imagery, with the later often relying on the former to deliver its message, while at the equivalent time determining the purpose of photo depiction. Photography and advertising share a mutual and co-dependent prehistorical and as such can legitimately be regarded as correlated constructs and forms.

Panama Canal Lock Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Panama Canal Lock - Case Study ExampleThe whole of the Guton Lock scheme works in three steps. The get off enters the start chamber at the Guton lock which is at the ocean level on the Atlantic side. The irrigate tight gates are closed after the enrapture get in to the first chamber. A valve is the opened to allow water from the second chamber into the first chamber until both chambers the water levels up. Following this equalization of the levels of water, the valve is the closed and the gate between the first and second chamber is opened for the ship to move to the second chamber (Sherman 35).The first operation is iterate between the second and third lock to move the ship into the third lock which raise the ship to the Guton Lake water level. After closing of the final valve and opening of the final gate, the ship will have been raised(a) up to 85ft to the Pacific Ocean water level. The forces that act on the first lock on the pacific side are majorly from the water in th e Pacific Ocean that exerts pressure on the first gate. In the subsequent locks, forces act from both sides of the gates due to the water that is held inside the chambers.The Key factor in the design of the Guton lock was the water. The lifting of the ships in the lock to the level of the Guton Lake is done by water (Ulrich 9). The water in the lock lifts the ship up to 85feet and floats the ship across the divide. After crossing the continental divide, the water is once again used to lower the ships to the sea level in the opposite side of the ocean. This therefore means that water was the major important consideration in the construction of the Guton Lock just like in the another(prenominal) three locks of the Panama Canal.In the design therefore, it was important to consider the force that the water exert on the locks. As more water is allowed inside the chamber of the lock, it exerts pressure to the walls. Another source of force on the walls of the lock chamber is the weight of the ship that is being raised by the lock up to 85 feet above sea

Microteaching LESSON PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microteaching LESSON PLAN - Essay patternFor example, trying to access any country government information processing systems without authorization is one of computer crimes. Thus, schoolchilds go forth be fully informed when using computer and internet. The students will consider the amend use of computer to be a way from the computer crimes as outlined in this activity.At the end of this activity students will be able to classify the computer crimes. They will compare and review between the right uses of computer and the bad using, such as Hackers. So, the students will produce a legal use of computer in the connection.Introduce myself to the students. Start the introduction of the activity. I will be talking about the changes in the community to lead them to use the technology these days. I will provide the examples of not bad(predicate) and bad uses of the technology . drainage basin the student into two groups. The activity will be based on paper hand to them. In the paper it will be there a types of computer crimes types with it definitions and examples. Students need to define which type matches the right definition.The strategies I will use to engage students during the activity are different. First, I will follow the theories of good teaching, and read the explanation that Biggs (1999) explain in the article. Biggs (1999) reviewed and explained the theories, which centralize on three parts during learning and teaching. It is focus on 1. What the student is 2. What the instructor does 3. What the student does. So, the first is what the student is the teacher needs to know how the student participates during the lecture, If he takes notes, follows the teacher in the topic materials, listens to the teacher, or does not focus on the lecture and uses the computer, phone, or near to fall sleep. Then the teacher moves to the second question What the teacher does. The teacher learns the types of the students act during the lecture. The teacher notes th e student type, if the student is good and looking

Human Resource Management has evolved significantly over recent Assignment

Human Resource Management has evolved signifi fueltly everywhere recent decades with an increasing emphasis on contributing to business - Assignment ExampleThe introduction of globalization and the subsequent growth of cross cultural business made a further name miscell any in the employee management department. Now, instead of HRM, strategical HRM is prominent in the organizational demesne. Employees are the backbone of any organization. Even though an organization has many other resourcefulnesss, compassionate resources are the about important ones. in all the other organizational resources such as machines, money and materials, need the supervision from human resources for proper usance or mobilization. This paper evaluates different approaches in strategic human resource management (SHRM) and describes the positioning of SHRM in contemporary context. Introduction According to Bratton & Gold (2012), Labour is not a commodity. It is spate in sound organizations who sets overall strategies and goals, design work systems, produce goods and service, monitor feature, allocate financial resources and market the product and services (p.8). Even though an organization has many internal and external resources, none of them has the ability to act on an individual basis except the human resources. In other words, all the organizational resources can be mobilized properly lone(prenominal) under the control of human resources. There is nothing wrong in saying that HR can make or break an organization. Boddy (2008) defines Human Resource Management (HRM) as the effective use of human resources in order to enhance organizational performance (p.354). Because of globalization, majority of the prominent companies are currently direct cross culturally. Outsourcing and offshoring like modern business principles were evolved out as a result of globalization. Exploitation of sixpenny excavate is vital for an organization for staying competitive in the market. Mo reover, diverse workforce is common in most of the modern organizations. Management of diverse workforce necessitates restructuring or modifications of many of the existing HRM principles. Instead of HRM, SHRM is common in most of the modern organizations. According to Bratton (N.d.), Strategic human resource management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance(p.37). The ability to stay competitive determines the success and failures of modern organizations. The way of doing business in the past and present are entirely different. SHRM helps organizations to fabricate strategies suitable for the changing principles in the organizational world. Different approaches and models are prevailing in the organizational world with respect to the implementation of SHRM. Different approaches in strategic human resource management (SHRM) According to Bratton (N.d.), Strategic HRM is an outcome as org anizational systems designed to achieve sustainable competitive advantage through people (p.46). For example, plenty of American companies are currently struggling in international market, not because of the poor quality of the products they produced, but because of the huge price of these products compared to the prices of products from competitors. It should not be forgotten that America is a country in which manpower make up is extremely high. On the other hand, China and India are countries in which manpower cost is extremely low. Nobody has any doubt about the technological dominance of American companies. However, expensive labor preventing American companies from competing effectively in the global market. Currently,

Diversity at Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

transmutation at Walmart - Essay Example5). Diversity at Walmart becomes the foundation for an inclusive, sustainable business that embraces and respects differences, develops our associates, serves our customers, partners with our communities, and builds upon an inclusive supplier base (Walmart Diversity, 2010, par. 1).In a study conducted by Pottabathni (2009, par. 5), human resource is the key to development and Wal-Mart efficiently manages its sources. Wal-Mart terms its employees as associates. manager compensation is linked to the profit of store operated by him, within promotions, compensation offered to associates depending on companys profits and besides offered some incentives on their performances. The workforce at Wal-Mart is not unionized as the company takes all the measures of their benefits and provides them facts of life on related issues.Further, their official website avers that their organization continues to implement initiatives to attract and retain a diver se workforce, including recruiting from colleges and universities with sizable multi heathen populations. We also provide associates with on-the-job training, leadership seminars, and direct access to job opportunities through our life Preference System (Walmart Diversity, par. 2).As such, statistics of the work force at Walmart boasts of a composition from diverse cultural orientations and gender with the following breakdown, to wit more than 850,000 of our associates are female and make up 59 percent of our U.S. workforce. 35 percent of our associates are minority 249,000 African Americans, 171,000 Hispanics, 42,000 Asian Americans, 6,000 Pacific Islander Americans, 15,000 American Indian and Alaska Natives, and 430,000 associates 50 and over.In a research by Green, Lopez, Wysocki & Kepner (2009), the authors provided a definition of diversity as acknowledging, understanding,

Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods - Research Paper ExampleAccording to Zwass, electronic commerce is outlined as the sharing of business information, maintaining of business relationships, and conducting of business transactions by pith of telecommunications networks. The electronic commerce activities are inter-organisational processes of market-based sell-buy relationships and collaboration, consumer oriented activities, and inter-organisational processes that support them (Zwass). The innovation diffusion theory by Rogers has been widely applied as a theoretical framework to analyse betrothal of technology. The framework identified five factors which influence adoption of technology in organisations. These factors are relative emolument, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. Relative reward is defined as the spirit level to which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes. Compatibility is defined as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as c onsistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters. Complexity is defined as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use. ... This subscribe to therefore seeks to identify the factors that influence adoption of e-commerce in organisations using Rogers model. Research Questions 1. What is the effect of relative advantage on adoption of e-commerce? 2. Does compatibility affect adoption of e-commerce? 3. What is the effect of complexity on adoption of e-commerce? 4. Does trialability affect adoption of e-commerce? 5. What is the effect of observability on adoption of e-commerce? Research Objectives The objectives of this study are 1. To examine the effect of relative advantage on adoption of e-commerce. 2. To determine the effect of compatibility on adoption of e-commerce. 3. To assess the effect of complexity on adoption of e-commerce. 4. To examine the effect of trialability on adoption of e-commerce . 5. To determine the effect of observability on adoption of e-commerce. signification of the Study This study is very grave to organisations in Saudi Arabia as well as new(prenominal) Arab countries. The results of this study will be very valuable in informing the management of these retail stores on how a number of factors will influence adoption of e-commerce for those who wish to do so. The study is also important to government agencies in charge of policy-making decisions. The study will provide valuable recommendations on how canon of e-commerce should be carried out based on the results on the adoption factors of e-commerce. The policy recommendations will therefore jock come up with solutions that will address the challenges of e-commerce among retailers. Researchers will also find this study valuable beginning information as a reference material as well as act as a basis for

Review phone lines not in use. will terminate them in oreder to save Essay

Review phone lines not in use. will terminate them in oreder to let off the HQ money - Essay ExampleWeve get toulated the results of some unused telephone lines in the form of a list for our cherished customers perusal. We request you to please look up the habituated adjunct 1 and see if any of the phone sum ups listed in it belong to you. The phone numbers listed in this appendix are subject to being terminated after(prenominal) a period of 15 days from now. loving notify us within a week of receiving this letter if any of the numbers belong to you. This would besides them from being terminated uselessly. You can call us directly at our toll free number 1-800-OFFICES or you can e-mail us directly at supporthq.com to notify us. Effective after two weeks, this act of terminating unused telephone line connections would save HQ approximately $110K per year in telephone line costs. Thanks for helping us help you. This change will increase the overall revenue of the company and w ould help us focus more on providing high quality serve with added motivation. Have a good day Sincerely, Your Name Services Manager HQ. Note Appendix 1 attached overleaf. APPENDIX 1. LIST OF UNUSED TELEPHONE NUMBERS. 1. (505)987-1123 2. (541)123-7786 3. (860)760-0098 4. (925)888-6543 5. (262)432-2234 6. (907)876-5511 7. (319)887-9987 8. (985)112-3123 9.

COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS - case study format Essay

COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS - case study format - Essay ExampleThe perceptions somewhat time, the power of analysis and integration etc can also be different in different cultures. Political, economical, genial and technological parameters can affect the tune watchfulness process. These parameters atomic number 18 different across diverse cultures. some(a) countries whitethorn have democratic administrations whereas some other countries may have autocratic administrations. Moreover, economic growth, religions and the phylogenesis of technology etc exigency not be the same in different countries. Business management styles need to be adjusted or fine tuned based on these parameters in order to manage a business successfully across cultures. Terms of Reference In global firms, the effective management of heathenish diversity which was once a concept, became imperative for the firms survival now (Adler & Gunderson, 2007, p.128). I am working as a management consultant and Microsof t has recently approached me to prepare a management report for them in doing business in India. They specifically asked me to give more emphasize to the management challenges Microsoft may face in India. Microsoft discards the creative thinker of a joint venture in India and they preferred making an independent unit in India. They are aware of the fact that because of the above decision, they have to do everything from A to Z in order to frame-up a business unit in India. So, they asked me to study the probable management issues they may face in India related to culture. This paper is written as a report to Microsoft about the possible management issues Microsoft may face in their Indian operations. Overview of the situation America and India are some of the largest democratic countries in the area even though, they differ heavily in many other aspects. Even though democracy is overriding in both of the countries, the functioning of the political systems is entirely different. E ven though both the countries are temporal democratic, Christians dominate the American population whereas Hindus dominate the Indian population. India is an enormously class-conscious society (arguably the most hierarchical in the world) and this, obviously, has an impact on management style (Indian Management Style, n.d) Most of the Indian organizations consist of mickle from different parts of the country and the management should address the cultural diversity aspects all the time. India consists of 28 states and 6 union territories most of them are extremely diverse as far as culture and nomenclature are concerned. Because of the influence of left parties, the influence of trade unionism in India is more than that in America. go away trade unions can create problems to Microsoft, because of their declared stands against the capitalist countries and monopolies. However, considering the huge growth potentials of India Microsoft can neglect these challenges. At the same time, Microsoft needs to spend more time on learning about the diverse Indian culture in order to manage their business successfully in India. Management practices are of all time culturally bonded (Guidham, 2002, p.52). Analysis based on Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner cultural model The major elements of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner cultural model of management of international business are Universalism vs. Particularism, Analyzing vs. Integrating, Individualism vs. Communitarianism, Inner-directed vs.

Anna’s Courage and Determination That Results in Her Eventual Emancipation Essay Example for Free

Annas Courage and Determination That Results in Her Eventual E humankindcipation EssayEnglish Year of wonders Practice analyze 1More than anything else, it is Annas courage and determination that results in her eventual emancipation. Do you look into?The circular structure Novel Year of wonders by Geraldine Brooks, details the events taking place at a small village called Eyam, through the eyes of the protagonist Anna Frith. Set in the 1600s, the towns hoi polloi of Eyam (along with the rest of Europe) fixs them self-importances at the mercy of the devastating disease know as the bubonic canker. This relentless and dingy infection kills within days and spreads rapidly, making it near impossible to combat. In response, Eyams un attainicial loss leader and rector, Mr. Mompellion, imposes a voluntary quarantine on the village, which isolates them from the rest of the tabooside world, leaving themselves to deal with the fear and challenges brought by the plague. Through break the testing multiplication brought by the plague, the bravery and willpower of the main character Anna Frith is constantly diaphanous and is the main reason why she is able to survive the plague and eventually free her self from the past, with her parvenu liveness in Oran. This is shown in the novel through Annas fortitude to over come her groovy challenges and fears and her constant endeavor to help others. However her loss in faith throughout the novel as well as plays a role in the development of her new(a) life.Through one of the most testing times of human history, a young and timid girl in Anna Frith responds by stepping up and growing strong. She had to search tasks, no ordinary women would be capable of, such as laying her husbands body out for sepulcher and dealing with the mangled mud of her father. And non to mention the countless amount of death beads she attended. pass on more we learn early learn of Annas fear of delivering babies and midwifing receivable to her mother due to a four-day labor. During this labor, a barber surgeon was called in and used a thatchers hook to pull the remains from Annas mother. With Annas father, Josiah, too intoxicated to realise Anna was in the room, she was exposed to seeing the tiny town off arm of her stillborn sister and the pale, folded flesh, the tiny, perfect fingers open like a little charge.This fear is over come bydetermination when Elinor Mompellion requests Annas help to deliver Mary daniels baby. Anna was not calm, nor certain and had no skill but was a great help in the self-made delivery of the baby and in a season of death, we celebrated life. Anna then realised that due to the dwindling numbers of the village, it was essential that Anna rises to the occasion and start burdening some of the load off Elinors shoulders. Anna performs very well in the delivery foreshadows that amount of deliveries she partakes in, and the eventual career path she takes with ahmed bey in oran. Further more , when a young orphaned girl is in desperate need of attendance to ransom her family mine, Anna jumps at the opportunity. She undertakes the dangerous task even though she dreads that it will leave her dead in the glum like Sam. Even In the presence of these fears she puts the needs of other before her own reservations. It is Annas Determination to over come her fear and apprehensions for the greater good of someone else that makes her tempered and strong and allows her hold out the shackles of her past at the end of the novel and start a new life in Oran.At a time when you were considered lucky to not be ravaged by disease, many would avoid hitting with those affected, unlike Anna who was at the forefront helping. With the ever-smaller population of Eyam becoming smaller by the day, Anna realised that it was her duty to assist Elinor in give strength to the healthy, and to also bring solace and peace to those afflicted with the plague. She started becoming an naturalised and capable caregiver even though her official role is as a servant. Through out the novel, Anna continued to help others in the town such as Mr. Mompellion in his duties as rector, Merry candle ford with the collection of led from her mine thus saving Merrys claim, and also the with the sufferance of the young Bradford baby, aisha. By adopting the her she becomes more independent and does not endorse the trends of other women during that time period and does not succumb to the prejudices of society. For Anna, surviving the plague was not enough, she states I was alive, and I was young, and I would go on until I found some reason for it. With Annas willingness to help people during severely hard circumstances back up her in fulfilling her ambition to comp allowe a worthy lifes work as a midwife on Oran.Although Annas persistence largely leads to her emancipation, her loss in faith is also attributed to her new life in Oran. Religion during the 1600s played a very significant role in how people thought, behaved and eventually how they tried to explain the cause of the plague. For many, including Anna, the plague was believed to be a punishment from god, sent to release the earth of sin. When promontoryed, the town rector Mr. Mompellion could not explain why God had caused such devastation. Anna is seen to start to question her religious beliefs early in the novel when she says, Why I wonder was god so lots more prodigal with his creation and why should this good women (Maggie Cantwell) lie here, in such extremity, when a man like my father lived to waste his reason in drunkenness. When Mr. Mompellion cant explain the plague from a religious stance, many of the villagers look for other scape goats and turn to superstitions such as enthrall craft, and hence the killing of Anys and near death of Mem. Anna does not succumb to the superstition and turns to a thought out explanation that perhaps the plague was neither god nor the devil, but simply a thing of nature , as the stone on which we stub our toe. This loss in faith of religious explanation allows her to find a reason to live purposely and let go of all her ties and memories with the rector.For the duration of year of wonders, Anna Frith demonstrates some(prenominal) strong and purpose driven characteristics that allowed for her to survive severely tough times and escape to her new life in oran. Anna was able to over come her fears, put peoples needs before her own and was able to let go of her religious beliefs which allowed her to move on with life and forget all elements of her past.

Hunting and animals Essay Example for Free

Hunting and animals moveCharles Dickens once said, There is a passion for envisionup something deeply implanted in the gentlemans gentleman breast. I agree with this quote. Hunting is very exciting and fun. However, many disagree with me. No one releasees the repugn though. You either rec alone that hunting is good or that hunting is bad. What do you believe? Do you think hunting is positive or negative? I believe hunting is good be stir it helps feed those in need, it helps control the population of wild animals, and it helps farmers who may have animals on their land they want to get rid of. A lot of muckle look at hunting and think of all the gruesome things we ar going to do to Bambi.They never stop to think about what the hunter is doing with the game. Hunters arent just cleanup animals for fun, they use the meat to either eat or donate it. Several hunters give their game to hoi polloi in need. They donate their meat to homeless shelters or food banks for less f ortunate people that exponent not be able to afford to put enough food on the table. That way the people in need will be able to have a little bit bare on their plate. Hunting also helps control the population of wild animals. You can only hunt during a certain period of time during the year so that the animals are able to reproduce and wont become extinct.You are also limited to the amount of game you can get. That way it wont become a chaotic free-for-all and protects the animals from being wiped out. However, if hunting wasnt legal, the population of wild animals would skyrocket. This would cause a boost in the already high number of car crashes due to animals, such as cervid standing in the middle of the road. According to State Farm, an estimated 1. 5 million vehicles collide with deer in the United States. This caused over $1. 1 billion in property damage. These crashes also caused several injuries and deaths. Hunters must(prenominal) also profits to get their hunting lice nse.The money they spend for their licenses go back to the conservation of the environment. Finally, hunting also gets rid of undesirable pests. Several animals annoy farmers and other land owners by messing with the farmers crops. Animals will go through the fields and eat the crops that the farmers can go out of business because the crops arent plentiful or good enough. For this reason we need hunters because farmers wouldnt be able to succeed and all of us would suffer because the less crops coming into the stores, the more money the stores are going to ask for the customers to pay for the product.So actually vegetarians depend on hunters. Most vegetarians buy their vegetables from local stores. Hunters get rid of the animals that would break down the food vegetarians would buy. Many people think hunting is wrong simply because they dont look at the benefits that come with hunting. Hunting has many benefits including feeding others, controlling wildlife population, and helping f armers get rid of unwanted pests. For most hunters, the reward isnt killing animals, its knowing they helped people that may not be able to survive or succeed without them. Thats what boosts my passion to hunt.

Hero Myth - Achilles Essay Example for Free

Hero Myth Achilles EssayThe image of the mavin is as old as myth itself. Throughout hi level both concepts hire evolved together. Myths key out tales of the adventures of man, frequently the son of a god or goddess and a human, who is endowed with colossal promise and destined to perform great feats. Often these feats involve acts of rescue, war or protection. This heroic myth is rooted in the ideal of familial romance. Particularly during adolescence it sustains and expresses the identification of the ego with idealized imagery. The hero myths have been used for centuries to organize and train youths as parts of institutions and groups.One example of a hero is Achilles, made famous by means of Homers epic Illiad. While we may non look at myths today in the same ways as our ancient forebears, the hero myth is still alive and well in our culture today. Achilles was the hero of the trojan horse war as related by Homer in the Illiad. He was the mightiest of the Trojan war riors. He wooan life as a demigod, the son of Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons and a mortal, and Thetis who was a Nereid. The Myrmidons were fabled warriors, very skilled and brave. Nereids ar sea nymphs being the daughters of Nereus and Doris.Thetis was very concerned that her son was a mortal. thence she attempted to make him immortal. There are two stories of how she wet about this. The lesser-known business relationship is that she burned him in a fire nightly and then healed his wounds with a magical ambrosia. The more well-known story is that she held him tightly by the heel and submersed him in the river Styx. This made his entire body invulnerable that for the spot on his heel where she held him while he was in the river. During Achilles boyhood, a seer named Calchas prophesied that Troy would not fall without help from Achilles.Knowing that he would die if he went to Troy, Thetis sent Achilles to the court of Lycomedes in Scyros. He was hidden there in the guise of a young girl. While at the court he had a romance with Deidameia who was the daughter of Lycomedes. The result was a son who was named Pyrrhus. The disguise finally came to an end when Odysseus undecided Achilles by placing arms and outfit amongst a display of pistillate garments and picked Achilles out when he was the only female to be interested in the war equipment.Achilles then willingly joined Odysseus on the journey to Troy. He led a host of his fathers Myrmidon troops in addition to his utor Phoenix and his mavin Patroclus. Once in Troy, Achilles quickly gained the reputation as an undefeatable warrior. One of his more or less notable feats was the capture of 23 Trojan towns. One of these was Lyrnessos where he took a war prize in the form of a womanhood named Briseis. The central action of the Illiad was sparked when Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, was forced to give up his war-prize woman, Chryseis, by an oracle of Apollo. As fee for the loss of Chryseis, Agamemn on took Briseis from Achilles. Thus enraged, Achilles refused to continue fighting for the Greeks.With Achilles withdrawal from the action, the war started to go badly for the Greeks and they offered large reparations to try to lure back their greatest warrior. Achilles continued to refuse to rejoin the war, however, he did agree to allow his occlude friend Patroclus to don his arms and armor and fight in his place. The next day Hector, a Trojan hero, mistook Patroclus for Achilles and killed Patroclus. Achilles was engulfed with rage at Hector and consumed by grief for his friends death. Thetis went to Hephaestus and obtained fabulous new armor for Achilles. Achilles recommenced fighting and killed Hector.Not satisfied with Hectors death, Achilles used his chariot to drag the body forrader the walls of Troy and refused the corpse funeral rites. Hectors father Priam, the king of Troy, went secretly to the Greek camp to beg the return of the body. Finally, Achilles relented and al lowed Priam to take Hectors remains. After Hectors death time started to bucket along out for Achilles. He continued to fight heroically and killed many Trojans as well as their allies. Eventually, Paris, who was another(prenominal) of Priams sons, enlisted the aid of Apollo and wounded Achilles in his weak spot the heel with an arrow. This exampled Achilles death.The enduring legend from the story of Achilles has to do with the concept of the Achilles heel. An Achilles heel has come to mean that despite overall strength, there is a mortal weakness that can lead to hotshots downfall. While the original myth refers to a somatic weakness, in modern times it has come to reference other types of character flaws or qualities that can cause ruination. The concept of the hero has changed somewhat in our modern culture. Instead of daring people who buck trends and traditions in order to help their families, nations or cultures, today we tend to revere people like sports underframes a nd actors.While we have the occasional government or political leader such as Winston Churchill, Martin Luther King or Nelson Mandela, most of what you hear about is who is making the most money due to their sports or acting ability. The concept of the sports figure hero can have some validity as these figures do occasionally overcome great odds and perform daring feats on the modern battlefield, i. e. , the sports arena. However, this is nothing compared to the feats of the ancient heros. Hero myths are powerful stories from ancient times.So powerful are they that they cross cultures and ages, continuing to influence us today. Achilles was one of the great heros of ancient times as the mightiest warrior of the Trojan war. While who we classify as a hero has changed in our modern societies, we still look to the concept today. We teach young people about heros as a method to inspire them. We look to our heros as adults to give us guidance and to give us something to guide our hopes a nd dreams. While modern heros may not be of Achilles status, they remain an integral part of our cultures.

Pilot Fatigue and its role in Aviation Safety Essay Example for Free

Pilot Fatigue and its role in Aviation Safety EssayABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to observe the growing concern of buffer zone fatigue and the role it plays in aviation safety. A brief assessment of the effects and possible solvent to this fuss will be carried by. A mention of some of the incidents from the past will also understand its place in this paper.Introduction Aviation industry is on a growing spree and in the times to come in that respect are going to be much and more airlines filling the sky. As we move steps further towards globalization we are going to need this service more ofttimes which further increases the pressure on our airlines. To tackle with this situation, especially when the availability of trained pilots is less(prenominal) than require, the pilots are oblige to fly more frequently and for lengthy hours. This parkways physical as well as mental strain to buildup as a result of which the efficiency of pilots decreases. This non-pathologic state resulting in physical and mental stress is cognise as Fatigue.Human corpse is always in need of comfort, especially in the stress of sleep, after regular intervals of time. Any lack in the mandatory rest wooings fatigue to be genuine in ones body. Due to fatigue in that location can be a quality of sleeplessness, tiredness or exhaustion in a soul. This feeling if effective during relief valve of steps hours can be really dangerous non solely for the pilot moreover also for the lives of the riders traveling with him and can pull back along accidents. The only solution to this problem that has been cognise so far and will ever be cognise in the times to come is sufficient amount of sleep. This unfortunately is what the pilots are not getting these age and are not expected to get at least in the near future. The findings from the past gestate shown that fatigue was responsible for a large number of aviation accidents. According to a study carried out by the N ational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of flight accidents related to flight crew in US from 1978 to 1990, one of the findings related the accidents to fatigue by stating that Half the captains for whom data were available had been vigilant for more than 12 hours former to their accidents. Half the first officers had been awake for more than 11 hours. Crews comprising captains and first officers whose time since awake was above the median for their crew position made more errors overall, and significantly more procedural and tactical decision errors. (Strauss, n.d.).Sleep and Sleep Loss It is essential for a human body to get the required amount of sleep. Sleep is considered to be an essential ingredient of our life without which it is not possible to survive. Whenever a person does not get enough sleep a signal is sent by brain to the body which results in Sleepiness. Eyelids start to get heavier and on that point is fatigue in the whole body. A person starts to complimenta ry concentration and may even go to sleep while he is on a job. If there is a deficiency in sleeping hours of a person and suppose every day a person looses 1 hour of sleep known as Sleep Loss, then it goes on accumulating over days and results in what is known as Sleep Debt.This debt if not cleared can cause serious problems ultimately resulting in fatigue. It has been found in researches that before fast(a) a plane it is unavoidable to have sufficient amount of sleep (about 8 hours) for the pilots. If they are allowed to fly continuously without getting the required amount of rest (or sleeping hours) in between their flying schedules, then fatigue is most presumable to develop in them resulting in, loss of concentration, memory and alertness, slow reaction time, reduced decision power, and bad mood. all told these factors are basic ingredients of making mistakes and thus causing accidents.Crew rest Fatigue starts to build up from the time one gets out of sleep. Development of fatigue also depends on the amount of time a person was awake before the actual flight operation. some(prenominal) times there are delays in flight timings callable to several reasons ranging from weather conditions to mechanical problems. This heart that a pilot has been on trading for a long time before boarding in the plane.Although he may be flying the plane for the normal length of time but delay in flight timing has resulted in him being involved in the activities for much longer, which also results in the pilot being fatigued. Similarly there may be a case of airport congestion as a result of which a pilot cannot land and has to hover in the air for a long time or due to bad whether the plane needs to be redirected to some other destination causing him to fly for longer duration than normal. These instances also cause fatigue to be developed. Overall the fact is that ample amount of rest is essentially required by the human body to keep it fit and fatigue free. A brief r eview of US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) flight time and rest rules for scheduled interior(prenominal) commercial carriers (US Code Title 14, part 121.471) are as follows (Strauss, n.d.).Crewmember total flying time maximal of1000 hours in any calendar year.100 hours in any calendar month.30 hours in any 7 consecutive days.8 hours between required rest periods.Rest for scheduled flight during the 24 hours preceding the completion of any flight segment9 consecutive of hours rest for less than 8 hours scheduled flight time.10 hours rest for 8 hours or more, but less than 9 hours scheduled flight time.11 hours rest for 9 hours or more scheduled flight time. food and nutrition People all over the world use coffee as a comment to remain awake for longer periods of time. Same is the case with pilots. To remain alert they normally consume coffee. The problem with coffee is that although it keeps a person alert, it cannot prevent body from getting tired and thus fatigued. The bod y hushed is in working condition for all these hours and hence the effect of coffee is temporary alertness and not a solution to fatigue. Also coffee is diuretic which means that it discharges more fluids than what it takes in and hence results in dehydration which is a cause of fatigue. It is always good to keep your body fit by exercising but there should be a sufficient amount of rest and consumption of water followed by it as uses cause a lot of dehydration.However dehydration can also be caused by the fact that inside the cockpit humidity is very. at that place is always a balanced diet recommended for not only pilots but everyone. A pilot should always ensure a healthy diet which provides sufficient muscularity as well as nutrients for his body. Hypoglycemia, which is caused by low blood sugar levels, is a major cause of feeling sleepiness. A healthy diet ensures sufficient levels of blood sugar and thus energy, preventing hypoglycemia. Finally, alcohol is known to disrup t sleep dramatically and therefore contributes to the poor quantity and quality of sleep obtained on get off nights. Alternative approaches to the use of alcohol to unwind after duty and promote sleep should be set and offered (e.g., relaxation skills) (Rosekind, 1994).Other causes of fatigue One of the most important factors of causing fatigue, other than sleep debt, is the flight deck environment. Inside the deck there are a lot of factors contributing to fatigue much(prenominal) as lesser availability of space, variation in air flow, low atmospheric pressure, low humidity and presence of a lot of noise and vibration. Also in modern aircrafts a number of redundant features and systems have been incorporated which means that the pilots have to handle multiple systems resulting in more stress.History of incidentsThere have been incidents in the past where fatigue has proved to not only be dangerous but also fatal. A legend in aviation refers to an incident when a pilot went to s leep with his robot pilot on and found on waking up that the plane was 2 hours from the nearest destination with only one hour of fuel left. This may just be a story but in many cases researches have proved fatigue to be a cause of dangerous and fatal accidents. Some of the cases have been listed below-In June 1999 there was a runway accident of American Airlines Flight 1420 in which 11 people died, including the aircraft captain, and many injuries among the 145 passengers and crew aboard the flightKAL Flight 801 crashed in Guam on August 6, 1997, was mainly due to a lack of situational awareness resulting in controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). The captain prior to flying to Guam had flown from Seoul to Australia, back to Seoul, to Hong Kong, and then back to Seoul again before his fateful motivate to Guam, including only a few hours of rest in between.Cessna 177B Cardinal was flown by Joe Reid, pilot-in-command in which he, seven-year-old Jessica Dubroff and her father were ki lled. He suffered fatigue from the first days flight.On August 18, 1993, a Connie Kalitta DC-8 crashed on a 1/4-mile tush leg to final. The flight crew had been on duty for 18 hours and flown nine, thereby experiencing sleep loss and a disruption of their circadian rhythms.On January 2, 1989, the captain of a 707 tried to maneuver his plane to land in Salt Lake City after breaking out of the clouds at 200 feet. He dragged his left, outboard railway locomotive on the runway, leaving a 60-foot-long groove. Within the preceding 30 hours, he had been on duty for 19 hours, and flown 13 hours. He had been off duty for almost 12 hours, but was only able to get one hour of sleep in that time (Printup, 2000).In August 1985, the crew of a Learjet killed themselves and their passenger in a failed approach to Gulkana, Alaska. One of the contributing factors was that the company would shift the crews duty/rest requirements from outlying(prenominal) Part 135 to those of FAR Part 121, thereby di srupting their sleep patterns and inducing fatigue (Printup, 2000).CountermeasuresBased on several reports a number of countermeasures have been devised to improve alertness to counter fatigue. Preventive measures like 3-4 hours of sleep can restore alertness for 12-15 hours and 10-30 minutes of sleep can do it for about 3-4 hours. Similarly it is rede to rest for 15-20 minutes after awakening and before flying.Some of other means to restore alertness are- inhalation of high protein diet and less intake of fat and high carbohydrate food.Consumption of large quantities of fluids.Use of caffeine to work against fatigue symptoms if awake for 18 hours or less.Due whirling of flight tasks and frequent conversation with other crewmembersMaintenance of temperature inside the deck to lower levels.Frequent bowel movement of body parts and a possible walk in the cabin.Gradually shift times for sleep, meals, and exercise to adjust to a new time zone (Strauss, n.d.).ConclusionFor the safety of pilots as well as passengers the issue of pilot fatigue is of major concern. Growing number of aircrafts in the sky also means longer durations of flight for the pilots, which is a major cause of this problem. History bears the testimony to the fact that fatigue has resulted in numerous aviation accidents resulting in the loss of thousand of lives. To save more lives from getting lost there is a need to solve this problem. Allowing flexible schedules for the pilots is the only viable solution in sight at the moment. Our lives are getting busier and it would be wonderful if they become safer as well.ReferencesDawson, Drew and Reid, Kathyryn. (August 1997). Fatigue, Alcohol and Performance Impairment. Retrieved declination 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Dawson-Reid-1997.pdfDr Samuel Strauss. (n.d.). Pilot Fatigue. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//aeromedical.org/Articles/Pilot_Fatigue.htmlGoode, Jeffrey H. (27 March 2003). Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Goode-2003.pdfHeath, fix and Levin, Alan. (Nov. 8, 2007). Fatigue plays role in aviation mistakes. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1108sleepypilots1108.htmlMann, Michael B. (August 3, 1999). Statement of Michael B. Mann Deputy Associate decision maker Office of Aero-Space Technology National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Hearing on Pilot Fatigue to begin with the Aviation Subcommittee of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure United States House of Representatives. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.hq.nasa.gov/office/legaff/mann8-3.htmlPrintup, lolly Brandon. (September, 2000). Guest Editorial The Effects Of Fatigue On Performance And Safety. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.airlinesafety.com/editorials/PilotFatigue.htmRosekind, Mark R. (November 1994). Fatigue in Aviation. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http// cf.alpa.org/internet/projects/ftdt/alpmag/FATIGUE.htmlSamel, Alexender, Wegmann, Hans Martin and Vejvoda, Martin. (1997). AIR CREW FATIGUE IN LONG-HAUL OPERATIONS. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Samel-Wegmann-Veivoda-1997.pdf

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography EssayAn Annotated Bibliography Stereotypes in advertizement August, Eugene R. true Men Dont Anti-Male Bias in the English Language. The University of Dayton Review Spring (1986) 336-347. Web. In Real Men Dont Anti-Male Bias in the English Language, Eugene August states that men have been victims of negative bias evenly if not more than women through gender restrictive oral communication, which limits the roles men have, gender exclusive language, which excludes men from all type of consideration, and negative male stereotypes.Through out(p) the article August gives events of ways in which males ave been forced to view a certain role and if deviated from, they would be criticized and ultimately excluded from that party they were formerly attached to as an example of gender restrictive language. I agree with August in his arguments, exclusively I would be a little more generous when finding victims on this subject. Women have been made victims Just as long, if not longer than men have.I feel as if the male community is lashing out against the women, some I a way on giving whence a taste of their own medicine. yet in authorizedity I shouldnt be structured as a war of the sexes, but ather an adjudicate on the part of all sexes, to acknowledge and condemn gender stereotypes. Berger, John. Ways of seeing. 1972. London, Penguin, 1990. In the book, Ways of Seeing Ch. 7, John Berger tells us that the role of promotional material has evolved from oil paintings. Publicity images draw on the visual language of oil paintings, but their purpose is to manufacture glamour.This is due to the fact that the spectator-buyer is always changing, packaging aims to sell us something, and in order to do this it must pick out the spectator-buyer appear incomplete to his or her self. It must solve us think we are in need of something more. The more, is a dream that is created from the spectator-buyer, using the mystique and lure from what p ublicity has given them of how they can become more derisible, by imposing a false standard of what and what is not desir open. I have a similar opinion to that of Berger.I feel that publicity is not natural, but the product of a culture that defines an psyche by what they possess. This idea of identity has been prostituted to a culture that tells an individual that they are no one if they do not buy the life publicized. The interesting point that Berger makes is that publicity never paints the full picture for the consumer. It single provides the tools and a canvas for which to paint. Publicity allows the spectator-buyer, to paint for his or herself of what he or she could be.It is not obscence to suggest that this has become the lifeblood of our publicity look to of transformation. Fowles, Jib. Advertisings 15 Basic Appeals. Mass Advertising as Social Forecast. Santa Barbara Praeger, 1976. (16-27). Print. In the article, advertizes 15 Basic Appeals written by Jib Fowles, we l earn that dvertisements make an attempt to reach out to one or more of our 15 basic emotions as describe by Fowles. These are the fifteen basic emotional appeals that we as mercifuls need, and if crafted correctly, might result in us engaging in the advertised product.As we learn of these essential inescapably, we learn that advertisements are not so thoughtless as we may have previously assumed. We learn that it is an art. The emotional appeals made in these advertisements act as the thin end on a wedge, when driven in to our conscious it then allows for the true message o flow in without almost any defense, thus accomplishing its purpose. I whole agree with the claim that Fowles made in his article. Advertisers seek to highlight and ultimately tap into our emotions to use them to sway us into using the given product.One such emotion that is highlighted is the need for affiliation. Despite the fact that upstart statistics have shown that people are doing things on their own m ore than ever before, the majority of advertisements are connect to this basic and fundamental emotion. This is because, Just as we as a people have an inner disposition to chieve things on our own, we also need Just as much if not more than our independence, people to destiny in our hitments.Fowles does a great Job in highlighting this fact as well as many others in his article based on our 15 basic emotions. Kilbourne, Jean. Bath Tissue Is like Marriage The Corruption of Relationships. Cant Buy My Love How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York Touchstone, 1999. (76-94). Print. In the article, Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage The Corruption of Relationships, Jean Kilbourne speaks out approximately how advertisements sink into our deepest needs for love and nurturing, and transfer them onto any given product.In order to accomplish this, advertisers must be able to capture our attention with something that the consumer yearns for, and then make the underlying mes sage about how their product will achieve this goal. We learn that the roles of an advertiser not to care about the potential buyer, but to make the consumer feel as if they are loved. When an advertisement is able to lull us into a false sense of security, then it has ccomplished its Job. Kilbourne concludes with exposing that advertising has come to the point of promising that a product can deliver that which can only be given given by Kilbourne.In her article she sates that that advertisements exist to exploit or very real and inner human desires. As we look at advertisement in any medium, we find out that until we have associated ourselves with a certain product or brand, we are not enough. Whether it be ads replacing human relationships, men dominating women, or even that one cell phone is superior to another, all stuff at the need to be n top, and without these products we are found wanting.But the hang up with the promise of accomplishment from a product is that it only last as long as the ads. Every beat we turn on the television or the radio, we are exposed to hundreds of ads that dissect everything that is human about us and assigns a product to it. We shall ever be found wanting in the eyes in the world, the only escape is for us to search for what truly matters and stick to it. Wall, David. It Is And It Isnt Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. Journal Of Popular Culture 41. (2008) 1033-1050. academician Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. In the article, It Is And It Isnt Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. by David Wall, is claimed that stereotypes in advertising are still world used because they are still a viable way for advertisers to move a product because of familiarity. A point that Wall makes is that consumers see through the stereotype and the false climas made by advertisers, and the advertisers know this. So what the advertiser does is then play on manipulation of the mixed emotions of desire and anxiety.The product then eco mes, by the consumers own doing, the essence of happiness, freedom, and the channel to an altered paradisiacal reality. I agree with the claims made in this article. interestingly enough Wall makes the accusation stereotypes will tell us much more about those doing the representing than those world represented(1037). This is interesting because in the rest of the article Wall discusses the fact of stereotyping and the reasons behind it, political, historical, cultural, and so on. But he never really comes back to his very strong comment.I would go a step provided with this remark nd say that not only do stereotypes in advertisements reflect what the presenters think about different situation, but what the presenter believes the viewer-consumer believes about different situations. For the viewer not to be overly realised by the stereotypes they are exposed to, they need to learn, what Wall calls the language of analysis. Which is to allow those whom are targeted to see beyond smoke and mirrors of it all and understand stereotype as a form of cultural advertisement for the self that is inseparable from the wider cultural narratives that create it(1049).

Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypt EssayWhat atomic number 18 books? wholesome the answer is pretty simple which is books be a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books ar available everywhere. We arse get them at a bookstore, library, school and many another(prenominal) more places. They are part and puzzle of psyches life. There are many types of book standardized storybooks, fictional, non-fictional, novels, magazines, manuscript, comic books, log books, reference books, textbooks and so much more. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilisation, this system raise be written on around everything including stone, clay, tree bark and metal sheets. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. Papyrus, a obtuse paper-like material made by weaving of the stems of the papyrus plant, then pounding the woven sheet with a hammer-like tool, was used for wr iting in Ancient Egypt. Papyrus sheets were glued together to form a scroll. manoeuvre bark such as lime and other materials were also used. A codex in novel usage is the first information repository that modern people would recognise as a book. In the early 19th century, steamed-powered printing presses became very popular.Books were put to good use by many rise up-known(a) and famous authors both in the past and present. Author is someone who makes or originates something. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sun Tzu and many more philosophers sp teach their ideas and messages through books. They spoke their mind through books. This in return introduced and spread ideology over the continent during the rising and falling of great empires like Rome, Greek and China.Books play an important theatrical role in the growth of language. There are over 5000 languages in the world. These languages are spread by books. Nowadays, we can get books with different languages so that means you can get a book with the same call but with a different language. There are books such as dictionary that helps people in particular students that have troubles in translating from a language to another. This is called bilingual.Besides, books are essential in students life. It is constantly needed throughout the learning period of an individuals life. For example, books are used in kindergartens, primary, lower and upper lower-ranking and even in colleges or institutions. Students no matter where or which phase of the learning period they enter, books are still needed. Furthermore, working people especially those who are involved in teaching and journalism like teachers, lecturers, professors, reporters and many more. They cant escape from books. One of their source of livelihood is books.As technology progress, books are getting unpopular. This is because that we now are able to read story books and novels through the internet as well as purchase them. People do not h ave to open their books and flip through pages to fetch information. Moreover, they can obtain the information they seek within seconds. They also do not need to profane music books anymore because it is available online.In conclusion, books are the very source of intellect and intelligence. They are huge source of knowledge. To read books are endless, even a lifetime is not sufficient. You can never read them finish. During the earlier centuries, books were the key to the growth of advanced civilisation. Therefore, even with the progression of technology, mankind should continue to read books because they are endless with knowledge.

Great American Cities Essay Example for Free

Great American Cities EssayJane Jacobs 1961 work The Death and deportment of Great American Cities examines the problems with post-World War II urban homework and argue that cities should dramatize visual and hearty diversity, interaction, and amalgamateed uses in beas. She aims her most elevationed criticisms at the disastrous urban switch projects of the 1950s and 60s, which she argues disrupted neighborhood fabrics and worsened urban conditions rather of improving them. gesture ONE Jacobs argues that great cities require must cipher beyond simply neighborhoods and take a much holistic approach, with safe streets, clear delineations amid populace and private spaces, small blocks, and low-rise expressions from which the sidewalks argon easily visible. Great urban environments literally start with the streets and sidewalks, where nation interact with both sensation a nonher end-to-end the sidereal day and the built environment.Vital cities need and should co me along hearty interactions, gestate a descriptor of uses (residential and commercial), should have spaces that allow such interaction (like safe streets and parks), and should embrace a degree of accessible and visual diversity. She also maintains that cities do non need to be decentralised or redistributed, as planners of the time were doing, and that planners must heed cities social and physical realities rather than imposing theories.urban re tonical projects oft fail because they are too large in scale, lack diverse comforts (many were mostly commercial projects, for example), and were homogeneous spaces where social interaction did not frequently occur throughout the day. hesitancy TWO Forms of social interaction ( some other than those created by macrocosm spaces) like social organizations and residential classes help because they blend wad from different backgrounds and neighborhoods, and ethnic organizations help assimilate and include newcomers, who much find urban support isolating and alienating.They need to transcend neighborhood and ethnic boundaries, as Jacobs says, City lot are mobile . . . and are not stuck with the provincialism of a neighborhood, any why should they be? Isnt wide choice and exuberant opportunity the point of cities? (Jacobs 116) Isolation, Jacobs claims, is bad for cities because it contributes more to crime and slum development than low income alone. dubiety terzettoJacobs believes that post-World War II urban planners had good intentions but used inappropriate methods of dealing with cities, often because they adhered to theories instead of examining cities realities, which often contradicted the theories and principles they used. In addition, she claims they had an innate fear and disdain for cities, favoring suburbs (much like the federal predominatement did, with highway expression and the FHAs suburban bias) and applying methods to cities that overlooked the conditions necessary for social interact ion and public safety.Planners often embraced urban renewal projects such as high-rise trapping projects and large commercial complexes, which failed because their size discouraged easy monitor of the sidewalks and streets, did not generate sufficient pedestrian traffic at all times of day, lacked a equilibrium of amenities with residences, and promoted more danger and less use than needed to keep them vital. Jacobs argues that planners need to abandon what she calls their superstitions approximately cities, especially their dread of high density (which they think promotes slum growth).High density and overcrowding are not synonymous, and planners often struggled to accept visual diversity, considering mixed ages and types of buildings disorderly and thus bad. QUESTION FOUR The phrase a most intricate and close-grained diversity of use means an inter imputeed urban fabric of social interactions, amenities, and mixed uses (residential, workplaces, retail, etc. ) without rigid sepa rations or compartmentalization. Neighborhoods should not become islands, she claims, because that would promote visual sameness and closing off (which in poorer areas contributes to the creation of slums).She advocates mixed uses that bring safety, public contact, and life to urban areas, and this cannot occur through planners bond to visual homogeneity or large-scale, single-use renewal. Neighborhoods must achieve diversity by serving a variety of functions, thus generating ample uses and encouraging movement of people (particularly pedestrians). Using her own New York street as an example, she writes that her areas workplaces give local commerce support during the day, and other businesses draw the residents in the evenings some enterprises, ineffectual to exist on residential trade by itself, would disappear.Or if the industries were to lose us residents, enterprises unable to exist on the working people by themselves would disappear (Jacobs 153). Such areas also need to mix workplaces with retail and residences so that neighborhoods do not become empty at given times of day (which can allow crime), provide amenities for the people there, and to be close and connected enough to other neighborhoods to become functioning, vital parts of an overall urban fabric.QUESTION FIVE Of city streets, Jacobs writes, Streets and their sidewalks, the main public places of a city, are its most vital organs. Think of a city and what comes to mind? Its streets (Jacobs 29). She considers the street and sidewalk the basic units of quality urban life because they are an arena of basic social interactions, whether among neighbors or between consumers and merchants.They become safe when constantly used and watched, so residents and workers proximity to sidewalks is important well watched, frequently-used spaces monitor peoples behavior and render them safe. In addition, safe streets depend on three factors clear channel of public and private spaces streets and sidewalks mus t be visible from the surrounding buildings and streets need to be used often throughout the day, not becoming abandoned when workers leave (as happens in solely commercial areas, for example). Little-used areas become bare-ass and conducive to crime, she says.City planners, she claims, do not understand the streets importance and in the postwar years built large commercial or public spaces that did not attract people throughout the day and night, lacked amenities or nearby residences, and were often too large to safely monitor. Streets become unsafe, she maintains, when people are not close enough to the streets to see what happens there or to interact with passers-by. This was a bleak problem in high-rise housing projects, which were hard to police and encouraged crime, as well as being bleak, monotonous, and isolated from the fabric of city life.QUESTION SIX Jacobs considers social and cultural life more important than physical organization alone, though she believes that the t wo are related and that physical environment has a considerable influence on social life. Dysfunctional places fail to encourage or facilitate social interaction (which she considers the heart of urban living), and a failed neighborhood is overwhelmed by its defects and problems and is progressively more helpless in front them (Jacobs 112).On the other hand, functional cities have active social and cultural life partly because they have amenities that draw people at all times of day, mix uses and include residents, workers, and other visitors, and are well integrated with other parts of the city. Visual order, she claims, should not be an end in itself aesthetics alone do not promote social or cultural activity. She even deems utopian planners efforts to govern cities visual character authoritarian and writes, All this is a life-killing (and art-killing) misuse of art (Jacobs 373).Streets with active, sage social lives are seldom visually well ordered and might even look like slu ms to an uninformed observer. In addition, visual order does not help when it promotes monotony and imposes itself on diverse places diversity makes a plus difference and buildings should pride one another, not all look alike. QUESTION SEVEN Jacobs is skeptical of planning because it often relies on its own theories rather than looking at realities however, she does not argue unconditionally in favor of letting owners or builders operate with little regulation, adding buildings or complexes piecemeal without government guidance.She maintains that neighborhood and city fabrics must be respected and used as guidelines for building a new privately funded residential building or commercial facility can easily disrupt a neighborhood if it fails to compliment its surroundings, foster pedestrian usage and social interaction all day, and isolates a neighborhood by weakness to connect with other parts of the city.Owners and builders can harm diversity by creating bland housing development s, which she deems sincerely yours marvels of dullness and regimentation, sealed against any buoyancy or vitality of city life (Jacobs 4), or else by imposing radical changes too quickly, instead of fostering gradual changes. If they use traditional methods of urban renewal, indeed builders and private owners will fare no better than the builders of housing projects or large commercial developments will.QUESTION EIGHT Over the past two decades, Americans have rethought their formerly negative attitudes toward cities, especially with concerns over suburban sprawl, and planners have begun heeding Jacobs advice. Urban neighborhoods in numerous cities have been gentrified (or unslummed, as Jacobs puts it) with new residential properties (either new condominiums or rehabilitated industrial buildings) and retail and/or workspaces.New Yorks formerly squalid Times Square is a good example of a slum unslummed with retail and offices, and Minneapolis Uptown and warehouse districts have been transform from check into sections to attractive places to live, shop, and be entertained. Urban downtowns have received ample perplexity from developers and public agencies alike Baltimores downtown has been radically changed in the last twenty years, from a seedy place to an attractive one with ample facilities (like an aquarium and the Camden Yards baseball stadium).In addition, public housing has been transformed from large, impersonal, often crime-ridden high-rise towers (such as Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis, perhaps the worst example of public housings failure) to smaller complexes that more fast resemble housing available on the private market. However, urban American has not been completely transformed despite this positive change. Slums still exist throughout American cities, and much of the new development does not help the urban poor, since these new, context-sensitive areas often displace existing residents or businesses and rents in new dwellings are often too high for some.Despite this, American cities have started resuscitate and planners less antagonistic to urban centers. QUESTION NINE Jacobs was certainly radical when the book appeared in 1961. At that time, urban planners were so focused on urban renewal projects (like public housing, commercial complexes, or sports or cultural facilities) that they paid no attention to the social fabrics that made cities livable.They seemed to operate under the misconception that all urban centers were slums and that large-scale projects would improve them instead, they uprooted existing neighborhoods and replaced them with facilities that did not encourage pedestrian usage, failed to foster frequent activity throughout the day, were often difficult to police, and did not connect with their own neighborhoods or others within a given city.1961 also fell during the decades-long exodus of whites from cities to suburbs (which pro-white, pro-suburban federal housing policies assisted), and Americans lingering a nti-urban attitudes still prevailed. Jacobs offered a different way of envisioning cities, and she seemed to see planners errors better than planners of the time would oblige indeed, it took decades before American urban planners and builders approached cities anew. QUESTION TEN This work remains relevant because it presents a watch of principles that seem to work well over forty years later.It avoids concentrating on aesthetics, which she dubs hair-splitting about fashions in intention (Jacobs 3), and instead discusses social dynamics, for which neighborhoods and cities should facilitate. She shows a clear understanding of cities that avoids the abstract and attests to a more experiential point of view, not a set of theories. However, money plays a much larger role today than it did in 1961 though builders and planners now follow her ideas, this new urbanism is expensive and many less-affluent city dwellers find themselves displaced by new development.Also, while many neighborho ods are reviving with new housing and retail, those areas tend to attract the same stores and building types, so that one revived neighborhood looks like another one nearby, creating a sort of monotony (of which Jacobs is particularly critical). Nonetheless, her ideas are perhaps even more relevant today, now that American cities are reviving along lines she first drew. Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York Vintage, 1961.

Issues Concerning Islam Essay Example for Free

Issues Concerning Islam EssayMuslims have been accused of mutilating women. This pr professice, however, is denied by the followers of Islam. gibe to them, womanhoodly Genital Mutilation (FGM), which is actu altogethery a surgical procedure performed on girls before they reach the age of pubescence for the purpose of terminating or reducing their sexual feelings, is non an Islamic practice. They explain that FGM is a tradition of Animists, Christians, and some Muslims in those countries where FGM is common. Women are given impact rights under Islam. In fact, the Quran decreed that when it comes to public life, men and women should have equal rights and participation.During the time of Muhammad, women were allowed to participate actively in their baya which is the equivalent of todays practice of semipolitical endorsements. Evidence of this Muslim womens status is the voting rights granted to women in the predominantly Muslim countries equal Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. The women in Kuwait followed suit by earning their right to vote and get elected sometime in 2005. In fact, Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah, Kuwaits Prime Minister, divulged a plan to appoint a woman minister in Kuwait soon (Robinson, 2007).Muslims as terrorists and pro-violence Yusuf (n. d. ) said that majority of the Muslims are convinced that opus the U. S. government has been blaming terrorism on Islam for years, it was the 9/11 incident which dealt the most telling blow on the credibility and reputation of their religion. This was be pass water the international media was able to depict that many Muslims around the world rejoiced after that incident. The faithfulness is, however, that majority of the Muslim world was saddened by that incident and the repercussions it caused.They would like to tell the world that terrorism is not an official policy of Islam and that, in fact, Muslims also consider terrorists as enemies of their religion. He laments the fact that When a imbalanced Christian does something terrible, everyone in the West knows it is the actions of a mad man because they have some knowledge of the encumbrance beliefs and ethics of Christianity. When a mad Muslim does something evil or foolish they assume it is from the religion of Islam, not because they hate us but because they have never been told by a Muslim what the teachings of Islam are all ab bulge.Yusuf blames this lack of Islamic knowledge among Christians to the fact that there is a dearth of credible spokespersons who could defend Islam from its attackers. As a matter of fact, Yusuf stressed that Islam is the middle way between excess and neglect and that terrorism is the concentration of zealots and extremists who are, in fact, a plaque of Islam. According to him, there are two types of Muslim extremists whose acts destroy Islam. The world-class he calls reactionary extremists. This group rejects any form of religious pluralism.According to these reactionary extremists, the worl d consists of strong and evil with nothing in between. Good, according to them, means the reactionary extremists and all those who oppose their actions are evil. Yusuf besides explains that these kind of extremists are in the habit of excommunicating other Muslims who reject the way they interpret the Quran. However, this kind does not usually resort to violent acts to achieve their goals. Instead, they employ character assassination or takfir to ward their critics (Yusuf, n. d. ).The min type is the radical extremist. These Muslims extremists, according to Yusuf, are the ones who resort to violent acts and tactics to further their fair gameives. Yusuf stressed that these Muslims act as if they belong to some secret, wicked society whose members believe in the dictum that the end justifies the means. In other words, any method, even the most violent method, is accep put off as long as their cause is advanced. According to Yusuf, this is destroying Islam because the methods emp loyed by Islam should be reflecting the noble ends of the religion.Secondly, Islam is not a secret society of conspirators rather, it is grant with its objectives and traditions which have already been accepted and recognized by people from other religious denominations (Yusuf, n. d. ). Muslims confused with Arabs Muslims object to their being confused with Arabs because it would never be accurate to equate Islam, a religious denomination, with Arab, which is an ethnic grouping. According to Muslims, the case for this erroneous identification could be the fact that Islam emerged from the culture and society of Arab Bedouins of the 8th century.Another reason might be the fact that the Quran was written in Arabic. However, beyond these facts, Muslims should not be identified as Arabs, and vice versa because, according to statistics, there are many non-Muslim Arabs, and far, far more non-Arab Muslims in the world. In fact, out of the estimated one billion Muslims worldwide, only abo ut 200 million are Arabs (DHinMl, 2006). Looking at the table below of the top ten countries with the highest Muslim population, only Egypt (at number seven) is an Arab country (Aneki. com, n. d. ).ReferencesAneki.com. (n.d.). Largest Muslim Population in the World. Retrieved November 26, 2007from http//www.aneki.com/muslim.htmlFisher, M.P. (2005). Living Religions, Sixth Edition. Prentice-Hall.Philips, A.A.B. (n.d.). The True Religion. Retrieved November 26, 2007 fromhttp//www.islamworld.net/

Peer Acceptance Essay Example for Free

Peer sufferance EssayAs Sentse, Lindenberg, Omvlee, Ormel Veenstra (2009) declared, the need to belong is one of the most important need of an individual, and during adolescence, the closest assemblage of people that an adolescent could have strong attachments with is his/her family and friends. In a study by Khurshid Rehman (2006), those who have first conceit were reported to have higher peer stressors as compared to others having high self-esteem.Their findings suggested that those who have low self-esteem face more problems with their peers that because they lack in self-confidence, their peers would see them as inferior, considered them as a boring disposition and that they always felt uncomfortable in the company of strangers, even among their friends. According to the study conducted by Parker et al. as cited in Kistner, David Repper, 2007), the perception of an individual to be accepted by peers would contribute to his/her adjustment in enlighten or in any other areas of his/her life. Rejected individuals who perceived themselves to be accepted by their peers draw to cope with and initiate social interactions better, than those who were rejected having negative perceptions of themselves being accepted (Rabiner Coie as cited in Kistner, David Repper, 2007).It was stated by Furman Robbins (as cited in Kingery, Erdley Marshall, 2011) that having the companion of peers would provide intimacy, affection and a source of reliance for an individual, thus fate in his/her adjustment and help enhance self-esteem. Behavioral Indicators Individual feels that she belongs to a certain group feels that she is non alone in life accepts criticisms from other people does not find it difficult to socialize with peers.

Manage Resistance to Change Proactively Essay Example for Free

Manage Resistance to Change Proactively EssayRegister for this journal is useable at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/0262-1711. htm Managing transformation exploitation a strategicalal intend salmagundi turn up Earnest Friday Management in the College of moving in Administration, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA, and Managing mutation 863 Received October 2002 Revised February 2003 Accepted February 2003 Shawnta S. FridaySchool of Business and Industry at Florida AM University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA Keywords novelty focal point, Strategic instruction, Change attention Abstract M whatever shapings keep grit implemented mixed types of initiatives within the last few decades in an effort to deal with potpourri. A possible missing vinculum (link) betwixt how an system deals with mixed bag and its impact on the bottomline is a in incarnated novelty dodging that is executed victimisation a mean change approach to systemically manage vicissitude.While many ecesiss eat up implemented a incorporate variety dodging, most afford non used a aforethought(ip) change-corporate variation strategy. The lack of a planned change-corporate sort strategy is kind of presumable to inhibit managing re unseasoneding from go systemic to an brasss culture and its modal value of doing vexation, thus tending to disallow the potential bene? ts of renewal to be maximized.Hence, this paper offers a example for using a planned change-corporate regeneration strategy to climb on on the multifariousness flurrytinuum starting with acknowledging to valuing, and ultimately to managing mixed bag and systemically managing salmagundi using a eight-step managing salmagundi mould. Introduction Over the past few decades, academicians, practitioners and organisational researchers dedicate recognized that variety steer is a phenomenon that has a wide array of affects within the workplace, and society in general (Koonce, 2001 Stark, 2001 Williams and OReilly, 1997).In this paper, renewing refers to any attribute that happens to be salient to an individual that makes him/her perceive that he/she is defraudtrary from an opposite individual (Williams and OReilly, 1997). Some widely accepted variousiating attributes include racioethnicity (which encompasses race and ethnicity), gender, nationality, religion, functional expertise, and age. Even though racioethnic and gender mutation tend to receive the studyity of the attention in the organisational miscellany literature (Stark, 2001 Williams and OReilly, 1997), this de? ition allows for the cloths offered to be applied to any type of organisational regeneration salient to members. Diversity programs have been implemented in many multinational arrangings, primarily, in an effort to improve working relationships Journal of Ma nagement Development Vol. 22 No. 10, 2003 pp. 863-880 q MCB UP Limited 0262-1711 DOI 10. 1108/02621710310505467 JMD 22,10 864 surrounded by white males, whose relative numbers continue to decrease, and demographically contrasting individuals, whose numbers continue to increase in the workplace (Friedman and DiTomaso, 1996).While many multinational organisations have a corporate diversity strategy, most have not implemented it using the suggested planned changed approach posited in this paper. Given the intensifying war for talent in nows competitive, global business environment, it is controlling that the execution and evaluation of a corporate diversity strategy use a planned changed approach to not precisely acknowledge and value diversity, but to also systemically manage and inculcate diversity into an cheeks corporate culture.This type of approach tail contribute immensely to an organizations index to use all of its human capital as a strategic nitty-gritty to gain and insist a competitive advantage in todays dynamic, global marketplace (Richard, 2000). It has been purported that if diversity hatful be effectively managed in an organization, about potential bene? ts to the organization include greater creativity and innovation, and alter decision-making (Cox, 1991).Conversely, if diversity is not managed effectively, some potential major costs to the organization include, at a minimum, breakdowns in communication, interpersonal con? ict, and higher turnover (Cox, 1991). While in that location may not be some(prenominal) empirical evidence to substantiate claims that effectively managed diversity directly leads to bottomline increases (Chatman et al. , 1998 Richard, 2000 Stark, 2001), thither is real-world evidence (e. g.Coca-Cola, Dennys, Publix, and Texaco settlements) to suggest that not effectively managing gender and racioethnic diversity has been, and can be, detrimental to organizations and their bottomlines. Thus, it is a logical ex trapolation that an organizations magnate or inability to nominate a culture in which diversity is systemically acknowledged, valued, and effectively managed is more likely to determine the affects diversity provide have on its bottomline.Many organizations have implemented motley diversity initiatives as a part of their corporate diversity strategy (Koonce, 2001), but most have not used a planned change approach to strategically align their initiatives with their long-term objectives and strategic rateing. It is super probable that this lack of planned strategic alignment contributes immensely to the purported in forcefulness of many diversity initiatives (Stark, 2001). Consequently, an organization that seeks to maximize the potential bene? s of diversity should devise a planned change-corporate diversity strategy prior to implementing diversity initiatives. The purpose of the planned change-corporate diversity strategy is to align the organizations diversity initiatives (de signed to manage diversity) with the organizations strategic goals, and ultimately make managing diversity an integral part of the organizations culture. An aligned planned change-corporate diversity strategy give contribute immensely to the long-term effectiveness of diversity initiatives aimed at better managing all of he organizations human resources. This is especially signi? set up for organizations with a super diversi? ed workforce. With a planned change-corporate diversity strategy, diversity initiatives atomic number 18 aligned with organisational policies, procedures, and systems. Such alignment is coveted to systemically reinforce an organizational culture that encourages the effective management of all employees in order to garner diversitys purported bene? ts, including the end goal of increasing the bottomline.Thus, frameworks be presented for using a planned change-corporate diversity strategy to advance from the initial passive nations of acknowledging and val uing diversity to the ? nal active state of managing diversity on the diversity continuum and systemically manage diversity using the speci? c eight-step managing diversity affect. The diversity continuum and the planned change approach Valuing diversity and managing diversity as distinct phenomena Over the last few decades, a myriad of articles have been written on the subjects of valuing diversity and managing diversity (Wanguri, 1996).In some cases, valuing diversity and managing diversity have been considered, and some clock times used, interchangeable when, in fact, they atomic number 18 two divergent phenomena (Jenner, 1994). By the very disposition of their de? nitions, valuing and managing diversity are distinctly contrasting. Valuing refers to the relative worth, importance, or signi? cance of something, whereas managing refers to taking charge or coordinating and lapse situations. Given these de? nitions, valuing diversity should be considered a more passive phenome non, where importance or signi? ance is minded(p) to individuals differences, which does not automatically lead to visible actions or reactions on the part of the individuals valuing the diversity or differences. Managing diversity, on the opposite hand, should be considered an active phenomenon, which involves supervising or coordinating and directing the diversity or differences individuals bring to the organization to ensure the organizations strategic goals are being fully and effectively met. In different words, it refers to successfully organizing the organizational inputs of individuals with various(a) backgrounds.This de? nition is consistent with the managing diversity de? nition given by Thomas (1991) a way of thinking toward the objective of creating an environment that exit enable all employees to r distributively their full potential in pursuit of organizational objectives. The diversity continuum As a result of the muddiness in the literature between the two phen omena, valuing diversity and managing diversity, it is not dif? cult to understand why consensus does not exist on the claims of bottomline bene? s as a result of the attempts organizations have made to value and/or manage diversity. In do-gooder to the confusion, lack of consensus could also be a function of the Managing diversity 865 JMD 22,10 866 complexity of the diversity concept in the organizational context. Given the complexity of diversity within an organizational setting, it is possible that perceiving it in terms of a set of one-third elements that delineates what to do with diversity may serve to simplify or clarify the confusion in the diversity literature.Therefore, a diversity continuum is offered to guide researchers and practitioners in moving from the more passive states of acknowledging diversity and valuing diversity, on through to the more active state of managing diversity. As individuals ? nd themselves in situations with diverse individuals, they are likely to take one of two courses of action avoid dealing with the diversity, or recognize that the diversity exists. In the case where individuals avoid diversity, they do not face the fact that diversity is an issue.It is likely that these individuals do not accept the idea that they are likely to be biased in their fundamental interactions with others that they perceive to be different from themselves. Although avoiding diversity is viewed as a possible response to diversity, it is not included in the diversity continuum. The diversity continuum is based on the assumption that individuals take the second course of action and recognize diversity. at a time diversity is recognized, as previously stated, the diversity continuum serves as a framework to delineate the three potential states of dealing with diversity acknowledging, valuing, and managing diversity.The three resultant chemical elements of the diversity continuum are acknowledging diversity valuing diversity and managing dive rsity (see introduce 1). Acknowledging diversity, the ? rst component, refers to recognizing the existence of diversity or the individual differences individuals bring with them to a peculiar(prenominal) setting. In order for individuals to sincerely yours acknowledge diversity, they moldiness be exposed to it, experience it, acquire knowledge about it, and they must cave in an understanding of diversity. The second component of the diversity continuum is valuing diversity. Valuing diversity, as de? ed above, refers to the signi? cance or importance being given to the diversity or differences individuals bring with them to a particular setting. Having an appreciation for, as tumefy as notice for, the differences that diverse individuals bring with them to the work setting can lead to the last component. The last component of the diversity continuum is managing diversity. As stated above, managing diversity refers to the planning, organizing, leading of individuals with differe nces or diversity in a particular setting, much(prenominal) that their inputs are used to execute the organizations strategic goals.Even in racioethnically homogeneous organizational settings, organizations make large investments to ensure an appropriate organizational culture is fostered. An appropriate organizational culture is desirous, such(prenominal)(prenominal) that individuals are systemically managed to perform and follow through its goals, not serious hoping that their performance impart somehow lead to the operation of the organizations desired goals. Thus, similar systemic efforts are necessary in order to manage Managing diversity 867 send off 1. The strategic management butt emographically diverse individuals such that the organization can gain the maximum synergistic bene? ts from their contributions as well. The planned change approach Rather than being reactive and waiting for a diversity crisis to take place before a change is made (i. e. Coca-Cola, Dennys , Publix, and Texaco settlements), an organization should be proactive in systemically Managing Diversity. Hence, an organization and its members should make the necessary changes to proactively move from just settling for the ? rst comprise of acknowledging diversity to the ? al stage of managing diversity. The Lewin-Schein change model is offered as the theoretical framework to proactively and systemically facilitate the management of diversity in organizations. This planned change model is based on the premise that the organizational forces propelling change must void the forces resisting change for highly effective change to occur. Therefore, it is posited in this paper that the Lewin-Schein change model is a framework that can assist organizations and individuals in moving through the sequential elements of the diversity continuum.It is also posited that this model can be applicable at JMD 22,10 868 both the organizational and individual level for managing diversity. While Al len and Montgomery (2001) offered the Lewin-Schein change model as a framework for creating diversity, the model is offered in this paper as a framework for Managing Diversity. The Lewin-Schein change model involves three stages unfreezing, change (moving), and refreezing (Lewin, 1951 Schein, 1992). For the organization or individual to experience successful change, the three stages need to be addressed in succession.Unfreezing using a planned change-corporate diversity strategy In the unfreezing stage, the organizations or individuals present culture (which includes perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors) toward diversity, demand to be unfrozen. This means there inevitably to be enough motivation within the organization or individual to command to change from its present state to the new desired state. Thus, in moving from one end of the diversity continuum to the other end, with managing diversity being the desired outcome, management must desire that its members move from just acknowledging and valuing diversity to managing diversity.As presented previously, managing diversity refers to systemically organizing and directing the inputs of all organizational members (including diverse individuals) to ensure the organizations strategic goals are met. Likewise, the individual must want to move from just acknowledging and/or valuing diversity to the ? nal phase of managing diversity. At the individual level, this execution involves governing ones actions toward diverse individuals in a way that allows for healthy, fatty interaction with those diverse others.Therefore, to unfreeze the organizations culture and its members current state of mind toward diversity, a planned change-corporate diversity strategy should be devised and aligned with the organizations strategic positioning to scale down the forces that are striving to maintain the status quo (Dobbs, 1998). A ? rms strategic positioning The strategic management process is employed by many organizations in order to distinguish themselves from their competitors in the marketplace (David, 2001 Porter, 1985 Steiner, 1997). Although there are several schools of thought in the strategic management ? ld, the generally accepted components of the strategic management process are strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation as explained in Figure 2 (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998). Strategy formulation is comprised of developing or reviewing the organizations mission, vision, and long-term goals conducting internal and away assessments to identify the organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) setting selection criteria and selecting the strategies that allow for afford the organization the best strategic positioning relative to its competitors (David, 2001 Steiner, 1997).Strategy implementation entails allocating the appropriate resources to ensure the Managing diversity 869 Figure 2. The three levels of organizational strategy sel ected strategies are properly executed (David, 2001 Steiner, 1997). Strategy evaluation involves setting control processes to unremittingly review, evaluate, and post feedback concerning the implemented strategies to determine if the desired results are being accomplished, such that corrective measures may be interpreted if warranted (Hill and Jones, 1998 Steiner, 1997). As illustrated in Figure 3, there are usually three levels of strategy associated with large-scale organizations.The corporate level strategy de? nes the organizations purpose and the lines of businesses in which it plans to operate, thereby providing the overarching focal point for the organization. If an organization only operates in one line of business, its corporate level strategy and business level strategy are effectively one in the same (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998). A business level strategy is the design that should enable an organization to leverage its resources in order to differentiate itself f rom the competition within a particular line of business (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998).The functional-level strategies serve to concur the organizations business-level strategy by providing direction for the appropriate short-term activities call for by each functional area to meet the goals established in the business-level strategy (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998). Consequently, having properly aligned corporate, business, and functional level strategies aid an organization in its efforts to accomplish its goals, thereby strategically positioning itself to successfully compete within the marketplace (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998 Porter, 1985).Combining highly differentiated and ef? cient human capital with all the way delineated corporate, business, and functional level strategies can prove to be a competitive advantage for an organization (Barney, 1991, 1997 Wright et al. , 1995). An organization must view strategies for developing and managing its employees JMD 22, 10 870 Figure 3. alignment between corporate strategy and planned change-corporate diversity strategy as a part of its overarching corporate level strategy if it desires to have highly differentiated and ef? ient human capital in todays competitive, global environment. Therefore, one argument of this paper is that any organization seeking to realize the maximum bene? t from having a diversi? ed workforce should have a planned change-corporate diversity strategy that is aligned with the organizations overall strategic positioning. Developing a planned change-corporate diversity strategy The organization wish to create an environment that enables all employees to reach their full potential will have to . . . change organizational practices as necessary (Thomas, 1991).However, prior to changing any organizational practice, a comprehensive strategy for how to accomplish that change should be devised based on an in-depth understanding of relevant organizational dynamics (i. e. culture, structure, ? nancial position, strategic initiatives, etc). Theoretically, a strategy should precede the structure of an organization. Consequently, a planned change-corporate diversity strategy should be devised to align with the organizations corporate strategy before structuring diversity initiatives (as illustrated in Figure 4), and reinforced using a planned change approach.Organizations that have elevated their diversity strategist to executive-level management are likely to have an overarching corporate diversity strategy in place. But, it is not as likely that the diversity strategist is using a corporate-wide planned change approach to systemically reinforce the proposed changes in the corporate diversity strategy end-to-end all of the Managing diversity 871 Figure 4. The diversity continuum organizations policies, procedures, and systems.Regardless(prenominal) of whether an organization has a corporate diversity strategy or not, it may be necessary to superimpose a plann ed change-corporate diversity strategy over existing disjointed diversity strategies and initiatives. At the onset of such an endeavor or superimposition, corporate diversity mission statement, vision, and goals must be formulated to check out the purpose diversity initiatives will serve within the organization and the desired outcomes to be achieved from such initiatives. The delineated desired outcome should be designed to systemically manage diversity.Conducting internal and orthogonal assessments are essential steps in devising a planned change-corporate diversity strategy. An internal assessment will allow the diversity strategist to decide how to position diversity strategies and initiatives within the organizations structure, and to align them with all of the organizations policies, procedures, and systems. To assess the external environment, the diversity strategist should use environmental scanning son of a bitchs to extract best practices based on benchmarked diversity strategies and initiatives at other leading organizations.Through the internal assessment, the diversity strategist should become intimately old(prenominal) with the organizations values, vision, mission, strategies, goals, and initiatives, all of which shit a sound basis for understanding the organizations culture, policies, procedures, systems, and overall strategic positioning. The diversity strategist must become equally familiar with the bene? ts and shortfalls of various diversity initiatives.The strategist must conduct an analysis to determine the most appropriate linkages between the organizations overall strategic positioning, policies, procedures, systems, and its diversity initiatives. Before proceeding, the diversity strategist must recognize and effectively articulate a clear strategic ? t and alignment amongst the organizations overall strategic positioning, policies, procedures, systems, JMD 22,10 872 and diversity. twain strategic ? t and strategic alignment are n ecessary to strengthen the business case for allocating resources to support the planned change-corporate diversity strategy.In order to realize the maximum bene? ts from diversity, the planned change-corporate diversity strategy take to be properly executed, evaluated and refrozen to ensure that the stated goals are being met, and that the organizations culture and members are moving toward and sustaining the desired state of systemically managing diversity. Moving to systemically managing diversity Once the present state is unfrozen, the move that will allow the organizations culture and members to advance to the desired state should be put in place.In this case, the move is to culturally reengineer the organization and its members to the true state of managing diversity by implementing the managing diversity process. The companionable eruditeness theory (Bandura, 1977) is offered as the theoretical framework for the managing diversity process. It has also been offered as the t heoretical framework for developing training programs in the cross-cultural and expatriate literature (Black and Mendenhall, 1989 Harrison, 1994). There are four major tenets of social nurture theory motivation, attention, retention, and reproduction (Bandura, 1977).These tenets are re? ected in the eight steps of the managing diversity process. In an effort to truly manage diversity, a change in the attitudes and behaviors of individuals, and in organizations systemic and institutional ways of doing business is required. Therefore, it is posited that utilizing the tenets of social learning theory can aid in the acquisition of the learning that is necessary for organizations to maximize the inputs of all of its diverse members. The planned change-corporate diversity strategy serves as the motivation for the learning of new behaviors and attitudes.Hence, once the planned change-corporate diversity strategy is articulated, the move through the eight steps of the managing diversity pr ocess should be instituted to assist individuals and organizations in culturally reengineering and moving to the desired state of managing diversity. The eight sequential steps of the managing diversity process include (1) exposure (2) experience (3) knowledge (4) understanding (5) appreciate (6) appraise (7) modify attitudes and behavior and (8) healthy interaction.All of these are undergirded by tolerance (see Figure 5). The acknowledging diversity component of the diversity continuum is composed of steps (1)-(4), and they re? ect the attention tenet of social learning theory. The valuing diversity component of the diversity continuum is comprised of steps (5) and (6), and is re? ective of the retention tenet of social learning theory. Steps (7) and (8) constitute the managing diversity component of the diversity continuum and the reproduction tenet of social learning theory.The action through each of the eight steps requires individuals to progressively develop appropriate skil ls to enable them to manage how they deal with individuals whom they consider different from themselves. Therefore, executing the eight steps in the managing diversity process serve as the necessary movement required to progress from acknowledging and valuing diversity to managing diversity. The true movement through the eight steps from acknowledging diversity to managing diversity is a paradigm shift, in that it entails a change in the manipulation of diverse individuals (Fitzpatrick, 1997).Managing diversity 873 Diversity training In order for an organization to realize the potential bene? ts that can be afforded by employing diverse individuals, there needs to be a paradigm shift in which the inputs of diverse individuals are systemically managed within an organization to enable the successful accomplishment of its strategic goals. Training of individuals is viewed as a necessary brute to facilitate the organization in achieving its goals. Diversity training should be viewed n o differently than any other type of training in which an organization invests.Therefore, it should also be viewed as a necessary tool to manage members behaviors and their ability to work fattyly with diverse individuals. After canvassing the literature, it has been noted that most diversity training programs merely raise individuals awareness of or sensitivity to diversity (Grubb, 1995 Jenner, 1994). Some few diversity training programs go as far as attempting to change individuals perceptions of diversity and how they communicate with people different from themselves (Grubb, 1995).However, these programs tend to be offered to only select employees, and they tend to be short in duration, ranging from a one-hour sitting to a series of one-day sessions several times a year (Koonce, 2001). The major drawbacks to most existing diversity training programs are that . they do not build skills to facilitate individuals ability to actually manage their interactions with individuals differ ent from themselves . they are not rigorous nor time-intensive enough to create a paradigm shift in individuals treatment toward individuals different from themselves andJMD 22,10 874 Figure 5. The continuous managing diversity process . there are no enduring support mechanisms embedded in the organizations culture to ensure all individuals inputs are successfully managed to met the organizations strategic goals. Managing diversity As a result, most (if not all) existing diversity programs have not been successful in creating enduring change in the way individuals interact with individuals different from themselves, nor have they been successful in changing their organizations culture to one that systemically manages diversity.In order to create enduring change in individuals and the organizations culture, members of the organization at all levels need to move into in diversity training that encapsulates the comprehensive managing diversity process. The outcomes that should be expe cted from participation include, but are not limited to, skill building in the following areas the ability to clearly articulate their ideas and feelings con? ict management skills effective giving and receiving of feedback effective listening group observation skills and group decision-making skills, all of which will facilitate modi? d attitudes and behaviors, and healthy interaction with diverse individuals. Individuals have to come to grips with their feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors toward diversity and others with whom they are different. In the ? rst step of Exposure, individuals provide public notice of where they are at that point. They do this by laying frank who they are divulging where they are unmasking themselves and receiving others culture. Step (2), experience, involves gathering information through personal involvement, encountering, seeing ? rst-hand, and backup through events.In the third step of Knowledge, individuals become well informed, thus abl e to be informed because they become familiar or acquainted with the culture of others. Knowledge serves as the basis for step (4), understanding. Because of their master of cultural realities, individuals are able to comprehend (understanding) relevant cultural dynamics, which leads them to be sensitive, and enables them to share unique insights and perceptions. In step (5), appreciate, individuals acceptance of the worth of a persons culture and values makes it easier for them to welcome and powerful estimate diverse individuals.Resultantly, individuals are able to valuate (step (6)) diverse individuals thus, they are able to leave attention, pay deference, and pay tribute to the values, worth, and culture of diverse others, as well as give personal consideration to the diverse individuals. Successful movement through the ? rst six steps, along with tolerance underpinning each step, should lead to modi? cations in individuals attitudes and behaviors toward diverse individual s, which is step (7), modify attitudes and behaviors.This change in attitudes and behaviors, again, along with tolerance should lead to healthy interaction (step (8)) with and amongst diverse individuals. Step (8) is a function of continuous acceptance and execution of steps (1)-(7). Therefore, this is a ? uid (not static) process that must be recognized for its ever-changing and 875 JMD 22,10 876 evolving nature. The requirements for successful execution of the managing diversity process are gruelling and time intensive because it requires individuals to modify their attitudes and behaviors.Thus, they must modify the way they interact with individuals different from themselves, and not just expect that they either avoid, acknowledge, or value those individuals that are different. Given that all individuals in todays global business environment are likely to encounter others that are different from themselves on a frequent basis, the managing diversity process should be viewed as a nalogous to the open systems approach it is a continuous process that maintains a constant reciprocal relationship with the environment.Refreezing the systemic management of diversity Successful movement through the managing diversity process requires individuals to change. Resistance to change is inherent in any change process, and it will be no different in this process (Harrison, 1994). Therefore, the managing diversity process is a ? uid, continuous process that needs to be systematically reinforced and embedded in the organizations culture and individuals interactions, such that the organizations culture and its members do not relapse back to just acknowledging or valuing diversity.Hence, refreezing the desired state of managing diversity requires reinforcing the new perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors with emphasis on the modi? ed behaviors and healthy interactions individuals have adopted as a result of going through the managing diversity process. In order for individual s and organizations not to revert back to their previous states, the new desired state must go through the refreezing stage to be institutionalized. This should be accomplished through systemic, on-going training and daily interactions at the individual level, and through revised policies, procedures, and systems at the organizational level.At the individual level, the systemic, on-going training should not be just periodic training that merely exposes individuals to diversity. A great deal of time is necessary to cement these newly adopted attitudes, behaviors, and skills for healthy interaction. This kind of cementation is required for these newly acquired attitudes, behaviors, and skills to become totally embedded in the individuals natural way of interacting with diverse individuals. The systemic, on-going training needs to be skill-based and experiential in nature to promote long-term changes in the way individuals work with individuals different from themselves.This type of re inforcement at the individual level will contribute to the cultural reengineering that also must take place at the organizational level. To reinforce the desired state of managing diversity at the organizational level, revised recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems, as well as an enforceable diversity policy need to be implemented (Allen and Montgomery, 2001 Hemphill and Haines, 1998 Miller, 1998). The revised policies, procedures, and recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems need to re? ct the organizations position on how the inputs of diverse individuals will be managed, such that their contributions fully aid the organization in meeting its strategic goals. A written, enforceable diversity policy, stating the systemic action steps and behaviors expected by all employees is a must as it relates to effectively managing the organizational inputs of all individuals. Everyones inputs should be effectively managed to contribute to the transaction of the organizations strategic goals. The revised policies, procedures, and systems should also align with the planned change-corporate diversity strategy.Given the resources and time required to revise and initiate implementation of the revised organizational policies, procedures, and systems, individuals are likely to resist these changes initially. Therefore, it is quite likely to be a dif? cult and time-consuming process to make the appropriate and necessary revisions to the organizations policies, procedures, and systems. This is an essential and critical step necessary to ensure the organization and its members do not revert back to their previous attitudinal and behavioral states.It is paramount that revised policies, procedures, systems, and planned change-corporate diversity strategy are clearly communicated to all members of the organization to ensure that it can be appropriately recognized, executed, evaluated, and reinforced. To reinforce this cultural reengineering effort, man agement needs to initiate and actively participate in the refreezing stage, the same as they must genuinely participate at the unfreezing and moving stages. Potential confinements As with any theoretical model, there are limitations.One potential limitation of this notional model is that no matter how well it is implemented, there are likely to be some individuals whose attitudes may never change or they may continue to consciously or unconsciously show favoritism toward those whom they consider to be similar to themselves (Gilbert and Ivancevich, 2000 Miller, 1998). Another potential limitation is that subtle forms of biases against diverse individuals may still exist informally within the organization and/or outside of the work environment thus, highly impacting individuals within the organization.Backlash is also a potential limitation members of the majority are likely to perceive that they are being excluded at the expense of including diverse individuals (Hemphill and Haines, 1998). Additionally, if the training initiated to implement the managing diversity process is perceived as a bad experience, the organizations leadership may abandon the initial implementation, consequently dooming all future diversity efforts.However, by using the suggested planned change approach along with well enforced diversity policies and disciplinary procedures for violations of the diversity policy, it is more likely that individuals behaviors can be altered to be more tolerant of others whom they consider to be Managing diversity 877 JMD 22,10 different (Gilbert and Ivancevich, 2000). This will allow the talents, skills, and abilities of all individuals in the work setting to be used to meet organizational objectives.Conclusion Given that individuals are less willing to leave their differences outside the doors of the workplace (Thomas, 1991), an organizations ability to systemically manage diversity will become more important, in years yet to come, if it wants to ensure its ability to compete successfully in the global marketplace. This paper suggests that, ? rst, a planned change approach should be used to systemically manage diversity, by developing and implementing a planned change-corporate diversity strategy.Second, organizations should execute their cultural reengineering efforts to move individuals and the organizational culture along the diversity continuum from the states of acknowledging and valuing diversity to the desired state of managing diversity. Movement to the desired state of managing diversity can be achieved by using the managing diversity process. It is also suggested that the organization needs to provide on-going training, and needs to institute new policies and procedures.Additionally, it must engage in appropriately different recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems that systemically reinforce the cultural reengineering of moving to the state of managing diversity. These new undertakings will ensure that the newly reengineered culture of managing diversity is inculcated into the organizations culture, and its way of conducting business domestically and abroad. By adopting and executing the frameworks offered in this paper for ystemically managing diversity through a strategic planned change approach, managers will have created an organizational environment where they will be able to enjoy healthy, innovative, and productive interactions amongst diverse members of the organization.The following is a list of other potential bene? ts that may be derived from using the offered frameworks . in general, individuals will develop an increased knowledge of and appreciation for other cultures . individuals will learn to value and respect the cultural norms, behaviors, and attitudes of others . here is likely to be a greater receptivity to necessary organizational changes . there is likely to be a lessening of workplace anxieties . a reduction in organizational con? ict . a more pleasant work env ironment and . increased performance and productivity. 878 In conclusion, the proactive management of diverse human resources will aid organizations in gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage in todays dynamic global marketplace.